Incamake Yihuse:
Iriburiro: Ukuntu Gutembera Ibikapu byahinduye bucece uburyo Tugenda Mu minsi ya mbere yo gutembera kwidagadura, ibikapu byafatwaga nkibikoresho byoroshye. Icyifuzo cyambere cyari ubushobozi nigihe kirekire, ntabwo ihumure cyangwa gukora neza. Mu myaka mirongo ine ishize, ariko, gutembera mu gikapu byahindutse sisitemu ikora cyane itwara imizigo igira ingaruka ku kwihangana, umutekano, no kugenda neza.
Ihindagurika ntabwo ryabayeho kuko abakerarugendo basabaga ibikoresho byoroheje byonyine. Byagaragaye bivuye mu gusobanukirwa byimbitse ku binyabuzima byabantu, umunaniro muremure, siyanse yibintu, no guhindura imyitwarire yo gutembera. Kuva mubipfunyika biremereye byo hanze byimyaka ya za 1980 kugeza uyumunsi-byuzuye, biremereye, kandi biramba-bishushanyo mbonera, indorerwamo yiterambere ryibikapu uburyo gutembera ubwabyo byahindutse.
Gusobanukirwa nihindagurika. Amakosa menshi yo guhitamo agezweho abaho kuberako abakoresha bagereranya ibisobanuro batumva impamvu ibyo bisobanuro bihari. Mugukurikirana uko igishushanyo cyibikapu cyahindutse kuva 1980 kugeza 2025, biroroha kumenya icyingenzi - nibitagenda - mugihe dusuzumye ibipapuro bigezweho.
Gutembera mu gikapu mu myaka ya za 1980: Yubatswe mu gutwara ubushobozi hejuru y'ibindi byose Ibikoresho nubwubatsi muri za 1980 Mu myaka ya za 1980, Gutembera
Uburemere bwibikapu bwubusa busanzwe buri hagati ya 3.5 na 5.0 kg. Amabuye yo hanze ya aluminiyumu yari asanzwe, yashizweho kugirango agumane imitwaro iremereye kure yumubiri mugihe yagabanije umwuka mwinshi. Ariko, uku gutandukana kwashizeho urwego rwinyuma rwimurambararo rwabangamiye uburinganire kubutaka butaringaniye.
Umutwaro Gutwara Uburambe n'imbibi Isakoshi yimitwaro ikwirakwizwa muriki gihe yatoneshaga ibitugu. Ibice birenga 65% byuburemere byakunze kuba ku bitugu, hamwe no kwishora mu kibuno. Ku mizigo iri hagati ya 18 na 25, umunaniro urundanya vuba, cyane cyane kumanuka cyangwa kubutaka bwa tekiniki.
Nubwo hari aho bigarukira, udupaki twakoreshejwe cyane mukuzamuka iminsi myinshi no gutembera. Ihumure ryabaye irya kabiri mubushobozi bwo gutwara ibikoresho byinshi, byerekana uburyo bwo kugenda n'amaguru byashyiraga imbere kwihaza kuruta gukora neza.
Ikadiri yo hanze yo gutembera ibikapu mu myaka ya za 1980 yashyize imbere ubushobozi bwimitwaro kurenza kuringaniza no guhumuriza ergonomic.
1990: Guhindura kuva kumurongo wo hanze ugana sisitemu yimbere Impamvu Imbere Imbere Yamamaye Mu ntangiriro ya za 90, ahantu ho gutembera hatandukanye. Inzira zabaye ndende, inzira zihanamye, hamwe no kugenda-nyabagendwa. Amakadiri yo hanze yarwaniye muri ibi bidukikije, bituma ahindukira yerekeza kumiterere yimbere yatumaga umutwaro wegera umubiri.
Amakadiri y'imbere yakoresheje aluminiyumu igumaho cyangwa impapuro za plastike zinjijwe imbere mumubiri. Ibi byatumaga kugenzura neza imitwaro no kunoza uburinganire mugihe cyo kugenda.
Kugereranya Imikorere ninyungu za Ergonomic Ugereranije namakadiri yo hanze, hakiri kare imbere-ikadiri yimbere yagarutse neza cyane. Mugutwara ibiro 15-20 kg, ba mukerarugendo bagabanutse kugabanuka no guhuza imyifatire. Nubwo guhumeka byangiritse, ingufu zateye imbere kubera kugenzura neza imitwaro.
Iyi myaka icumi yaranze intangiriro yibitekerezo bya ergonomic mugushushanya ibikapu, nubwo guhindura neza byari bikiri bike.
Intangiriro ya 2000: Gukwirakwiza imizigo na Ergonomique Bipimwa Kuzamuka k'umutwaro wohereza ubumenyi Mu ntangiriro ya 2000, abashushanya ibikapu batangiye kubara ihererekanyabubasha. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko kwimura hafi 70% yumutwaro ku kibuno byagabanije cyane umunaniro wigitugu hamwe ningufu zikoreshwa mugihe kirekire.
Umukandara wo mu kibuno wagutse, urapanga, kandi muburyo bwa anatomique. Ibitugu byigitugu byahindutse kugirango biyobore umutwaro aho kuyishyigikira rwose. Iki gihe cyatangije igitekerezo cyo kuringaniza imitwaro aho kuba static itwara.
Inyuma Yinyuma hamwe niterambere ryibikoresho Umwanya winyuma wafashe ibyuma bya EVA bifatanye hamwe numuyoboro uhumeka hakiri kare. Nubwo umwuka wo mu kirere wakomeje kuba muke, imicungire y’amazi yarateye imbere. Guhitamo imyenda byahindutse kuri 420D - 600D nylon
Ibipapuro byubusa byubusa byagabanutse kugera kuri kg 2,2,5, ibyo bikaba byerekana iterambere ryinshi mumyaka mirongo ishize.
Sisitemu yimbere yimbere sisitemu yatezimbere uburinganire mugukomeza umutwaro hafi yikigo cya rukuruzi.
2006–2015: Ergonomique, Ventilation, no guhanga udushya Sisitemu Yimbere Yimbere Iki gihe cyabonye itangizwa rya mesh yahagaritswe hamwe numuyoboro windege wubatswe. Izi sisitemu zongereye umwuka kugera kuri 40% ugereranije n’umugongo wuzuye ifuro, bigabanya kwirundanya ibyuya hamwe n’ubushyuhe mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bw’ikirere.
Ubumenyi bwa siyansi Ubucucike bwimyenda bwaragabanutse cyane, hamwe na 210D nylon iba rusange muri zone zidafite imitwaro. Ikibaho cyashimangiwe cyagumye ahantu hahanamye cyane, bituma paki zigumana igihe kirekire mugihe zigabanya uburemere bwose.
Impuzandengo yubusa ipakiye ubusa for 40-50L gutembera mu gikapu yagabanutse kugera kuri 1,2-1.8 kg utitanze umutwaro uhamye.
Kunoza Umukoresha Guhindura uburebure bwa torso hamwe na frame yabanje kugororwa yabaye nyamukuru. Izi mpinduka zagabanije indishyi zifatika kandi zemerera paki guhuza imiterere yagutse yumubiri.
2016–2020: Urugendo rwa Ultralight nubucuruzi bwarwo Gusunika Kugana Minimalism Bitewe na intera ndende-yo gutembera, filozofiya ya ultralight yashimangiye kugabanya ibiro bikabije. Ibikapu bimwe byagabanutse munsi ya 1.0 kg, bikuraho amakadiri cyangwa kugabanya inkunga yimiterere.
Ibibazo Byukuri-Byisi Mugihe pake ya ultralight yatezimbere umuvuduko kandi igabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mumihanda yoroshye, bashizeho imipaka. Umutwaro uremereye wagabanutse hejuru ya 10-12 kg, kandi kuramba byaragaragaye mubihe bibi.
Iki gihe cyagaragaje isomo ryingenzi: kugabanya ibiro byonyine ntabwo byemeza gukora neza. Kugenzura imizigo kandi ikwiye gukomeza kuba ingirakamaro.
2021–2025: Igishushanyo cya Hybrid, Kuramba, hamwe na Precision Bikwiye Ibikoresho byubwenge hamwe nigihe kirekire Isakoshi iheruka ikoresha imyenda-ikomeye, imyenda-ihakana
Kuramba no Kugenzura Amabwiriza y’ibidukikije hamwe n’ubukangurambaga bw’umuguzi yasunikiraga abayikora kugana nylon ikoreshwa kandi bikagabanya imiti ivura imiti. Ibipimo bikurikirana hamwe nigihe kirekire byongerewe agaciro, cyane cyane kumasoko yuburayi na Amerika ya ruguru.
Igishushanyo Cyiza kandi Igishushanyo mbonera Ibikapu bigezweho biranga sisitemu yo guhuza ibice byinshi, byemerera guhuza neza uburebure bwumubiri, inguni yumukandara, hamwe nuburemere bwimitwaro. Sisitemu yo kugerekaho moderi ituma yihariye itabangamiye impirimbanyi.
Ibikapu bigezweho byo gutembera bishimangira neza, kwimura imitwaro iringaniye, hamwe no guhumurizwa kure.
Gushushanya Kunanirwa namasomo Yize mumyaka mirongo ine Mugihe hanze Gutembera
Imipaka yo hanze igarukira muri Terrain igoye Kugabanuka kumurongo wo hanze mukugenda kwidagadura ntabwo byatewe nuburemere bwonyine. Mubutaka bwamashyamba, guhinduranya kworoheje, no kuzamuka urutare, amakadiri yo hanze yakunze kunyerera kumashami cyangwa guhinduranya bitateganijwe. Uku guhungabana kuruhande byongereye ibyago byo kugwa kandi bisaba gukosorwa guhoraho.
Byongeye kandi, hagati-ihinduranya hagati yingufu zikomeye zongerewe imbaraga zo kumanuka. Ba mukerarugendo bamanuka ahantu hahanamye bahuye n'ikibazo cyo kunanirwa kw'ivi bitewe no gukurura umutwaro usubira inyuma, kabone niyo uburemere bwose bwatwarwaga butahindutse. Izi ngaruka za biomehanike, aho kuba imyambarire, amaherezo yatumye inganda zigana imbere imbere.
Sisitemu Yambere Yumuyaga Yongereye Umunaniro Igisekuru cya mbere cyumuyaga winyuma uhumeka mumpera za 90 nintangiriro za 2000 bigamije kugabanya ibyuya. Nyamara, ibishushanyo byinshi byambere byashizeho intera ikabije hagati yipaki numubiri. Iki cyuho cyabangamiye kugenzura imitwaro no kongera imbaraga zingirakamaro zikora ku bitugu.
Igeragezwa ryakozwe ryerekanye ko nubwo umwuka wateye imbere ku buryo bugaragara, amafaranga yakoreshejwe yiyongereye kubera kugabanuka kwimitwaro. Rimwe na rimwe, abakerarugendo bavuga ko imbaraga nyinshi zagaragaye nubwo bahumeka neza. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byahinduye filozofiya yo guhumeka, ishyira imbere umwuka uhumeka utitaye ku busugire bw’imiterere.
Ibishushanyo bya Ultralight byananiye munsi yimitwaro nyayo Urugendo rwa ultralight rwashyizeho amahame yingenzi yo kuzigama ibiro, ariko ntabwo ibishushanyo byose byahinduwe neza birenze ibihe byiza. Amapaki adafite munsi ya 1.0 kg yakunze gukora neza munsi ya kg 8-9 ariko yangiritse vuba kurenza iyo mbago.
Abakoresha bitwaje ibiro 12 cyangwa byinshi byabapakiye gusenyuka, kugabana imizigo itaringaniye, no kwambara ibintu byihuse. Ibyo kunanirwa byagaragaje isomo rikomeye: kugabanya ibiro bigomba guhuza nibintu bifatika bifatika. Ibishushanyo mbonera bya kijyambere byerekana iri somo muguhitamo gushimangira uturere twikoreye imitwaro mugihe uburemere muri rusange bugabanutse.
Nigute Guhindura Imyitwarire Yimodoka Yatwaye Ubwihindurize Impinduka mu ntera ya buri munsi n'umuvuduko Mu myaka ya za 1980, kuzamuka iminsi myinshi akenshi byagereranyaga kilometero 10-15 kumunsi kubera imitwaro iremereye hamwe nubufasha buke bwa ergonomic. Kugeza mu myaka ya za 2010, kunoza imikorere yimifuka yatumaga ba mukerarugendo benshi bagera kuri kilometero 20-25 kumunsi mubihe bimeze nkubutaka.
Uku kwiyongera ntikwatewe gusa nibikoresho byoroheje. Gukwirakwiza imizigo myiza byagabanije micro-ihinduranya hamwe nindishyi zihagaze, bituma abakerarugendo bakomeza kugenda bahoraho mugihe kirekire. Isakoshi yahindutse kugirango ishyigikire imikorere aho gutwara ubushobozi gusa.
Kugabanya Imizigo Ibiteganijwe hamwe no Gupakira neza Impuzandengo yatwaye uburemere bwiminsi myinshi yazamutse buhoro buhoro kuva kuri kg 20 mu myaka ya za 1980 igera kuri kg 10-14 mu ntangiriro za 2020. Ubwihindurize bwibikapu byombi byashoboje kandi bishimangira iyi nzira. Mugihe udupaki twarushijeho gukomera na ergonomique, ba mukerarugendo barushijeho kumenya imitwaro idakenewe.
Iyi myitwarire yibitekerezo byihuta byihutirwa kubisabwa na sisitemu yububiko hamwe nububiko bwa modular aho kuba ibice binini.
Ubwihindurize bwibintu birenze imibare Impamvu Denier Wenyine Yabaye Ibipimo Byuzuye Kumyaka mirongo, guhakana imyenda byabaye amagambo ahinnye yo kuramba. Ariko, mu mpera za 2000, abayikora bamenye ko kuboha imiterere, ubwiza bwa fibre, hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryo gutwikira byagize uruhare runini.
Imyenda igezweho 210D irashobora kurenza ibikoresho 420D mukurwanya amarira kubera kunoza ubwubatsi bwimyenda no guhuza ripstop. Nkigisubizo, kugabanya ibiro ntibikigaragaza gucika intege mugihe ibikoresho byakozwe byose.
Imicungire yubushuhe hamwe nubucuruzi bwubucuruzi Kurwanya amazi byaturutse ku mwenda uremereye wa polyurethane ujya kuvura byoroheje birinda kurinda ubuhehere no guhumeka. Birenze urugero impuzu zikoreshwa mugushushanya kare zacitse igihe, cyane cyane munsi ya UV.
Isakoshi yo muri iki gihe ikoresha ingamba zo gukingira ibice, ikomatanya kurwanya imyenda, igishushanyo mbonera, hamwe no gupakira geometrie kugirango igabanye ubushuhe butarinze gukomera.
Ubwihindurize Binyuranye Kwamamaza: Ibyahindutse Mubyukuri nibitabaye Ikinyoma: Umucyo uhora ari mwiza Kugabanya ibiro bitezimbere imikorere gusa mugihe umutwaro uhagaze. Umutwaro udashyigikiwe na 9 kg akenshi utera umunaniro mwinshi kuruta kugabanwa neza ibiro 12. Uku kuri kwagumye guhoraho nubwo hashize imyaka myinshi udushya.
Ikinyoma: Ibishushanyo bishya bihuye na bose Nubwo iterambere ryoguhinduka, nta gishushanyo kimwe kibereye ubwoko bwose bwumubiri. Ubwihindurize bwibikapu bwagutse bwagutse ariko ntibwakuyeho gukenera guhinduka. Bikwiye kuba umukoresha wihariye, ntabwo ikibazo cyakemutse.
Ihame rihoraho: Igenzura ry'umutwaro risobanura ihumure Mu myaka mirongo ine, ihame rimwe ntiryigeze rihinduka: ibikapu bigenzura urujya n'uruza bigabanya umunaniro neza kuruta ibyo kugabanya misa. Buri shusho ryingenzi ryahinduwe ryashimangiye uku kuri.
Imyitwarire igenga kandi irambye ishiraho igishushanyo kigezweho Kubungabunga ibidukikije no gushakisha ibikoresho Mu ntangiriro ya 2020, ibitekerezo birambye byatangiye kugira ingaruka ku guhitamo ibikoresho nkibipimo ngenderwaho. Nylon yongeye gukoreshwa yageze ku mbaraga zigereranywa n'ibikoresho by'isugi mu gihe bigabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Amasoko amwe yashyizeho umurongo ngenderwaho wo gukoresha imiti, ugabanya imyenda imwe n irangi. Aya mabwiriza yasunikiraga abayikora inzira yumusaruro usukuye hamwe nigihe kirekire.
Kuramba nkibipimo biramba Aho guteza imbere ikoreshwa, uburyo bugezweho burambye bugenda bushimangira kuramba kubicuruzwa. Isakoshi imara kabiri inshuro ebyiri igabanya neza ibidukikije, ishimangira agaciro k'ubwubatsi burambye ndetse no mubishushanyo mbonera.
Niki Imyaka mirongo ine Yubwihindurize Yerekana Kubijyanye nigishushanyo mbonera cyimbere Ibyemezo Isaranganya ry'umutwaro rizakomeza kuba ihumure no gukora neza.
Sisitemu iboneye izakomeza gutera imbere aho kuzimira.
Igishushanyo mbonera kiringaniza uburemere ninkunga bizaganza gukoreshwa muburyo rusange.
Kutamenya neza Uruhare rwibikoresho byinjizwamo hamwe no guhindura ubwenge bikomeje kutagaragazwa.
Ibishushanyo mbonera bya ultralight birashobora kuguma ari byiza aho kuba rusange.
Impinduka zigenga zishobora gusobanura uburyo bwo kuvura ibintu byemewe.
Umwanzuro wagutse: Impamvu ubwihindurize bwibikapu bifite akamaro kuruta mbere hose Ubwihindurize bwa Gutembera
Ibikapu bigezweho ntabwo byoroshye cyangwa byoroshye. Bafite nkana. Bagabura umutwaro ufite ibisobanuro birambuye, bahuza n'imibiri yagutse, kandi bagaragaza gusobanukirwa byimbitse uburyo abakerarugendo bagenda mugihe hamwe nubutaka.
Kuri ba mukerarugendo ba kijyambere, ikintu cyiza cyane kuva mu myaka mirongo ine y'ubwihindurize ntabwo aricyo gisekuru cyiza, ahubwo ni ukubera iki ibitekerezo bimwe byarokotse mugihe ibindi byazimiye. Gusobanukirwa ko amateka atuma ibyemezo byiza uyumunsi-kandi bikarinda gusubiramo amakosa y'ejo.
Ibibazo 1. Gutwara ibikapu byari biremereye bingana iki muri za 1980 ugereranije nubu? Mu myaka ya za 1980, ibikapu byinshi byo gutembera byapimaga hagati 3.5 na 5.0 kg iyo ari ubusa , ahanini biterwa namakadiri ya aluminiyumu yo hanze, imyenda yuzuye, hamwe nuburemere buke.1,2 kugeza kuri 2.0 kg , kwerekana iterambere mubumenyi bwibintu, imbere yimiterere yimbere, hamwe no kugabura imitwaro aho kuba ibintu byoroshye.
2. Ni ryari ibikapu yimbere yimbere byahindutse nyamukuru, kandi kuki basimbuye amakadiri yo hanze? Imbere yimbere yimbere yamenyekanye cyane mugihe cya 1990 , cyane cyane kuberako batanze umutekano urenze mumihanda migufi, kuzamuka cyane, hamwe nubutaka butaringaniye.
3. Ese ihumure ryibikapu ryateye imbere cyane kuva kugabanya ibiro cyangwa kunoza igishushanyo? Mugihe uburemere bwibikapu bwagabanutse mugihe, ihumure ryiterambere ryayobowe cyane no kugabura imitwaro no gushushanya ergonomic kuruta kugabanya ibiro wenyine.
4. Ntabwo ari ngombwa. Ibikapu byoroheje bigezweho bikoresha kenshi imyenda igezweho hamwe no kurwanya amarira menshi kuri garama kuruta ibikoresho biremereye.gushimangira ingamba hamwe nimbibi zifatika kuruta kubyimbye byimyenda yonyine, gukora paki nyinshi zigezweho haba yoroshye kandi iramba bihagije kugirango ikoreshwe.
5. Ni iki gisobanura igikapu kigezweho cyo gutembera mu 2025? Isakoshi igezweho yo gutembera isobanurwa na Guhindura neza, guhuza imitwaro iringaniye, igishushanyo mbonera gihumeka, hamwe no gushakisha ibikoresho .
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